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Home > List Archives

Intrahospital Transfer

Andy Brainard trauma-list@trauma.org
Wed, 22 Jan 2003 20:04:50 -0700


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When I'm admitted into the psych ward (for psychosis related to the =
trauma
list) and I manage to take a overdose and slit my wrists (just to make =
it
trauma related), I would like to be transferred to a well staffed ED for
rapid triage and treatment. In my limited experience, the ED is more =
able to
quickly adapt and decide what type of care this patient needs. If the =
ICU
feels like they would like to handle this type of patient it would be =
fine
to give transfer them there, but my guess is that both the ICU and psych
staff felt more comfortable letting the OD experts in the ED handling =
this
one.=20

=20

I am curious what the new policy will say about in-patients who jump =
from
the roof.

=20

I do think that this is a reasonably relative discussion (compared to =
some),
and I'm also pretty sure that Pret and Andrew can take care of =
themselves.
Maybe the tone of the debate is a little too shrill, but it has been
entertaining and informative. If people can't handle their enlightenment
with a little bit of vinegar, then maybe they should be off the list. =
Maybe
they should have an email conversation with Canada's number one twin? =
(Just
kidding)

=20

Andy Brainard

=20

-----Original Message-----
From: trauma-list-admin@trauma.org [mailto:trauma-list-admin@trauma.org] =
On
Behalf Of Jeffrey A Murphy
Sent: Wednesday, January 22, 2003 5:23 PM
To: trauma-list@trauma.org
Subject: RE: Intrahospital Transfer

=20

Speaking as an ICU nurse, I will support Andrew.  I for one, would pass =
on
taking care of an overdose ANY day!  I'm curious as to why this patient =
only
needed a 4 hour monitoring period, what was the overdose, and if that is =
all
the patient needed, why did they need to to go to the ER.

-----Original Message-----
From: trauma-list-admin@trauma.org [mailto:trauma-list-admin@trauma.org] =
On
Behalf Of Bjorn, Pret
Sent: Wednesday, January 22, 2003 3:03 PM
To: 'trauma-list@trauma.org'
Subject: RE: Intrahospital Transfer

Andrew,

=20

I've tried to be understanding, but this is foolishness. =20

=20

Each of the alternate inpatient scenarios you've constructed (post-code, =
PE,
fresh MI) are quintessential ICU patients: they're critically ill, =
medically
screened, have readily-identifiable medical doctors (wait--do your
psychiatrists enjoy ICU privileges?), and they're predictably
cooperative--or at least not demonstrably self-destructive.  ICU nurses =
love
these guys.  Sadly, the overdose you describe bears pretty much NO
resemblance to these hypotheticals.  Just guessing here, but during the
actual case progression, your ICU colleagues didn't rush to support you, =
did
they?

=20

Think carefully for a moment: you're insisting on a four-hour ICU =
admission
for a patient who, if treated promptly and appropriately, would =
otherwise
have no need whatsoever for conventional ICU care.   Have you any idea =
what
the room charge is for four hours in the ICU?  (Hint: it's precisely the
same as twenty-four hours in the ICU). But then, I guess we're only =
worrying
about costs to the extent that they impact your ED...

=20

Finally, the question begs to be asked: if the ICU is a better place for
this overdose than the ED, then why don't you just add ten beds to the =
ICU
and send all your overdoses there?  Cardiacs, strokes, pulmonaries,
traumas...  Where's the line?  Inpatients?  Meaning that if somebody =
jumps
from the roof, we should cart him to the Unit?  Hell, add THIRTY unit =
beds,
and CLOSE the silly ED.  Beats trying to keep track of what an emergency =
is
this week.

=20

It's comforting that if the opinions of the ICU nurses on the list count =
for
anything, they'd probably take pride in demonstrating the sort of
functionality and flexibility that you discourage in your Emergency
Department.  Sigh.

=20

Seems about the only thing you and I can agree on is that this is has
nothing to do with trauma.  Let's go off-list, or better, retreat to our
corners and wait for a more appropriate thread.

=20

Pret

=20

 -----Original Message-----
From: Andrew J Bowman [mailto:sumieb@compuserve.com]
Sent: Tuesday, January 21, 2003 5:01 PM
To: trauma-list@trauma.org
Subject: Re: Intrahospital Transfer

Wow, guess I touched a nerve.

=20

>From one seasoned ER nurse to another I respect your input.  All that is
except for the name calling, but since I have worked in an ER for over =
20
years I have been referred to and called much worse.

=20

I am always now and have always been the one to say "Treat the patient"  =
But
come on.  Sending a patient from the floor to the ER for care.  Sure it =
says
a lot for me and my staff and very little for the hospital ICU.  If the =
ICU
cannot handle emergencies then why are they wasting their time training =
to
be ready to take care of emergencies.

=20

When a patient on the floor codes and gets resuscitated where do they =
go???
Yep, ICU.

=20

When a patient on the floor throws a post-op PE and goes into =
respiratory
failure where do they go???  Yep again, the ICU.

=20

When a patient on the floor goes from unstable angina to ST elevation MI
where do they go?  Yep, the cath lab and then to the ICU.

=20

So WHY, WHY, WHY should this patient be treated any =
differently????????????
The ICU is wide open, the patient has a POTENTIALLY bad situation form =
the
OD and needs close observation, frequent reassessments and cardiac
monitoring.  Hmmmmmmmmmmm, sounds like ICU in my neck of the woods.

=20

Plus at my facility the ED is much easier to escape from than the ICU =
since
we are not a locked unit (neither is our ICU but a camera watches the
patient 24/7 and the monitor tech can alert the staff immediately if the
patient who is suicidal decides to elope).  So if they want to escape =
there
are 2 wide open doors to do it from and then right out to the street.

=20

Plus you promoted the idea of influx when you said that the ED is the =
best
place to refer an emergency condition.  If we do that then we will have =
to
decide, does this patient have enough of an "emergency" to go to ER or
should she/he just go to ICU?

=20

Inpatients are inpatients, outpatients are outpatients.

=20

I have spent shifts in my ICU and OR and floors to know how busy they =
are
and what they are designed to do.  Inpatients who go bad go to ICU, not
backwards to the ER.

=20

Andrew B


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<div class=3DSection1>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D2 =
color=3Dnavy face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>When I&#8217;m =
admitted
into the psych ward (for psychosis related to the trauma list) and I =
manage to
take a overdose and slit my wrists (just to make it trauma related), I =
would
like to be transferred to a well staffed ED for rapid triage and =
treatment. In my
limited experience, the ED is more able to quickly adapt and decide what =
type
of care this patient needs. If the ICU feels like they would like to =
handle
this type of patient it would be fine to give transfer them there, but =
my guess
is that both the ICU and psych staff felt more comfortable letting the =
OD
experts in the ED handling this one. </span></font></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D2 =
color=3Dnavy face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>&nbsp;</span></fo=
nt></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D2 =
color=3Dnavy face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I am curious =
what the new
policy will say about in-patients who jump from the =
roof.</span></font></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dnavy face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:5.25pt'><font size=3D2 =
color=3Dnavy
face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I do
think that this is a reasonably relative discussion (compared to some), =
and I&#8217;m
also pretty sure that Pret and Andrew can take care of themselves. Maybe =
the
tone of the debate is a little too shrill, but it has been entertaining =
and
informative. If people can&#8217;t handle their enlightenment with a =
little bit
of vinegar, then maybe they should be off the list. Maybe they should =
have an email
conversation with </span></font><font size=3D2 color=3Dnavy =
face=3DArial><span
  =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Canada</span></fo=
nt><font
size=3D2 color=3Dnavy face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'>&#8217;s number one twin? (Just kidding)</span></font></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:5.25pt'><font size=3D2 =
color=3Dnavy
face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>&nbsp;</span></fo=
nt></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:5.25pt'><font size=3D2 =
color=3Dnavy
face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Andy
Brainard</span></font></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dnavy face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

<div style=3D'border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in =
0in 4.0pt'>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'>-----Original Message-----<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b> =
trauma-list-admin@trauma.org
[mailto:trauma-list-admin@trauma.org] <b><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b>Jeffrey A Murphy<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, January =
22, 2003
5:23 PM<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> =
trauma-list@trauma.org<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: =
Intrahospital
Transfer</span></font></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dblue face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Speaking as an ICU nurse, I will =
support
Andrew.&nbsp; I for one, would pass on taking care of an overdose ANY
day!&nbsp; I'm curious as to why this patient only needed a 4 hour =
monitoring
period, what was the overdose, and if that is all the patient needed, =
why did
they need to to go to the ER.</span></font></p>

</div>

<blockquote =
style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3D2 =
face=3DTahoma><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>-----Original =
Message-----<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b> =
trauma-list-admin@trauma.org
[mailto:trauma-list-admin@trauma.org] <b><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b>Bjorn, Pret<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, January =
22, 2003
3:03 PM<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> =
'trauma-list@trauma.org'<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> RE: =
Intrahospital
Transfer</span></font></p>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>Andrew,</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>I've tried to be understanding, =
but this
is foolishness.&nbsp; </span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>Each of the alternate inpatient =
scenarios
you've constructed (post-code, PE, fresh MI) are <em><i><font =
face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>quintessential </span></font></i></em>ICU =
patients:
they're critically ill, medically screened, have readily-identifiable =
medical
doctors (wait--do your psychiatrists enjoy ICU privileges?), and they're
predictably cooperative--or at least not demonstrably <em><i><font =
face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>self-destructive</span></font></i></em>.&nbsp=
; ICU
nurses love these guys.&nbsp; Sadly, the overdose you describe bears =
pretty
much NO resemblance to these hypotheticals.&nbsp; Just guessing here, =
but
during the actual case progression, your ICU colleagues didn't rush to =
support
you, did they?</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>Think&nbsp;carefully for a
moment:&nbsp;you're insisting on a four-hour ICU admission for a patient =
who,
if treated promptly and appropriately, would otherwise have no need =
whatsoever
for conventional ICU care.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you <em><i><font =
face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>any </span></font></i></em>idea =
what&nbsp;the room
charge is for four hours in the ICU<em><i><font face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>?&nbsp; (Hint: it's precisely the same as =
twenty-four
hours in the ICU). </span></font></i></em>But then, I guess we're only =
worrying
about costs&nbsp;to the extent that they impact&nbsp;your =
ED...</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>Finally, the question begs to be
asked:&nbsp;if the ICU is a better place for <em><i><font =
face=3DArial><span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>this </span></font></i></em>overdose than =
the ED,
then why don't you just add ten beds to the ICU and send <em><i><font
face=3DArial><span style=3D'font-family:Arial'>all =
</span></font></i></em>your
overdoses there?&nbsp; Cardiacs, strokes, pulmonaries, traumas...&nbsp; =
Where's
the line?&nbsp; Inpatients?&nbsp; Meaning that if somebody jumps from =
the roof,
we should&nbsp;cart him to the Unit?&nbsp; Hell, add THIRTY unit beds, =
and
CLOSE the silly ED.&nbsp; Beats trying to keep track of what an =
emergency is
this week.</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>It's comforting that if the =
opinions of
the ICU nurses on the list count for anything, they'd probably take =
pride in
demonstrating the sort of functionality and flexibility that you =
discourage in
your Emergency Department.&nbsp; Sigh.</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>Seems about the only thing you =
and I can
agree on is that this is has nothing to do with trauma.&nbsp; Let's go
off-list, or better, retreat to our corners and wait for a more =
appropriate
thread.</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:maroon'>Pret</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3D2 =
face=3DTahoma><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>&nbsp;-----Original =
Message-----<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b> Andrew J Bowman
[mailto:sumieb@compuserve.com]<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, January =
21, 2003
5:01 PM<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> =
trauma-list@trauma.org<br>
<b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: =
Intrahospital Transfer</span></font></p>

</div>

<blockquote =
style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Wow, guess I touched a =
nerve.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>From one seasoned ER nurse to another I =
respect your
input.&nbsp; All that is except for the name calling, but since I have =
worked
in an ER for over 20 years I have been referred to and called much =
worse.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>I am always now and have always been the one =
to say
&quot;Treat the patient&quot;&nbsp; But come on.&nbsp; Sending a patient =
from
the floor to the ER for care.&nbsp; Sure it says a lot for me and my =
staff and
very little for the hospital ICU.&nbsp; If the ICU cannot handle =
emergencies
then why are they wasting their time training to be ready to take care =
of
emergencies.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>When&nbsp;a patient&nbsp;on the floor codes =
and gets
resuscitated where do they go???&nbsp; Yep, =
ICU.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>When&nbsp;a patient&nbsp;on the floor throws =
a
post-op PE and goes into respiratory failure where do they go???&nbsp; =
Yep
again, the ICU.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>When a patient on the floor goes from =
unstable
angina to ST elevation MI where do they go?&nbsp; Yep, the cath lab and =
then to
the ICU.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>So WHY, WHY, WHY should this patient be =
treated any
differently????????????&nbsp; The ICU is wide open, the patient has a
POTENTIALLY bad situation form the OD and needs close observation, =
frequent
reassessments and cardiac monitoring.&nbsp; Hmmmmmmmmmmm, sounds like =
ICU in my
neck of the woods.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Plus at my facility the ED is much easier to =
escape
from than the ICU since we are not a locked unit (neither is our ICU but =
a
camera watches the patient 24/7 and the monitor tech can alert the staff
immediately if the patient who is suicidal decides to elope).&nbsp; So =
if they
want to escape there are 2 wide open doors to do it from and then right =
out to
the street.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Plus you promoted the idea of influx when you =
said
that the ED is the best place to refer an emergency condition.&nbsp; If =
we do
that then we will have to decide, does this patient have enough of an
&quot;emergency&quot; to go to ER or should she/he just go to =
ICU?</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Inpatients are inpatients, outpatients are
outpatients.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>I have spent shifts in my ICU and OR and =
floors to
know how busy they are and what they are designed to do.&nbsp; =
Inpatients who
go bad go to ICU, not backwards to the =
ER.</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></font></p>

</div>

<div>

<p class=3DMsoNormal><strong><b><font size=3D2 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Andrew B</span></font></b></strong></p>

</div>

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

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